Nonclassical growth mechanism of double-walled metal-oxide nanotubes implying transient single-walled structures

Abstract

The formation of imogolite nanotubes is reported to be a kinetic process involving intermediate roof-tile nanostructures. Here, the structural evolution occurring during the synthesis of aluminogermanate double-walled imogolite nanotubes is in situ monitored, thanks to an instrumented autoclave allowing the control of the temperature, the continuous measurement of pH and pressure, and the regular sampling of gas and solution. Chemical analyses confirm the completion of the precursor's conversion with the release of CO2, ethanol, and dioxane as main side products. The combination of microscopic observations, infrared, and absorption spectroscopies with small and wide-angle X-ray scattering experiments unravel a unique growth mechanism implying transient single-walled nanotubes instead of the self-assembly of stacked proto-imogolite tiles. The growth formation of these transient nanotubes is followed at the molecular level by Quick-X-ray absoprtion specotrscopy experiments. Multivariate data analysis evidences that the near neighboring atomic environment of Ge evolves from monotonous to a more complex one as the reaction progresses. The following transformation into a double-walled nanotube takes place at a nearly constant mean radius, as demonstrated by the simulation of X-ray scattering diagrams. Overall, transient nanotubes appear to serve for the anchoring of a new wall, corresponding to a mechanism radically different from that proposed in the literature.